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Options¶-registry-ids (string) A list of AWS account IDs that correspond to the Amazon ECR registries that you want to log in to.-include-email -no-include-email (boolean) Specify if the '-e' flag should be included in the 'docker login' command. The '-e' option has been deprecated and is removed in Docker version 17.06 and later. You must specify -no-include-email if you're using. Jan 25, 2020.
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In this post I'll outline several ways to build containers without the need for Docker itself. I'll use OpenFaaS as the case-study, which uses OCI-format container images for its workloads. The easiest way to think about OpenFaaS is as a CaaS platform for Kubernetes which can run microservices, and add in FaaS and event-driven tooling for free.
See also OpenFaaS.com
The first option in the post will show how to use the built-in buildkit option for Docker's CLI, then buildkit stand-alone (on Linux only), followed by Google's container builder, Kaniko.
Note: this post covers tooling which can build an image from a Dockerfile, and so anything which limits the user to only Java or Go for instance is out of scope.
I'll then wrap things up and let you know how to get in touch with suggestions, feedback and your own stories around wants and needs in container tooling.
So what's wrong with Docker?
Nothing as such, Docker runs well on armhf, arm64, and on
x86_64
. The main Docker CLI has become a lot more than build/ship/run, and also lugs around several years of baggage, it now comes bundled with Docker Swarm and EE features.There are a few efforts that attempt to strip 'docker' back to its component pieces, the original UX we all fell in love with:
- Docker - docker itself now uses containerd to run containers, and has support for enabling buildkit to do highly efficient, caching builds. Free cv templates download.
- Podman and buildah combination - RedHat / IBM's effort, which uses their own OSS toolchain to generate OCI images. Podman is marketed as being daemonless and rootless, but still ends up having to mount overlay filesystems and use a UNIX socket.
- pouch - from Alibaba, pouch is billed as 'An Efficient Enterprise-class Container Engine'. It uses containerd just like Docker, and supports both container-level isolation with runc and 'lightweight VMs' such as runV. There's also more of a focus on image distribution and strong isolation.
- Stand-alone buildkit - buildkit was started by Tõnis Tiigi from Docker Inc as a brand new container builder with caching and concurrency in mind. buildkit currently only runs as a daemon, but you will hear people claim otherwise. They are forking the daemon and then killing it after a build.
- img - img was written by Jess Frazelle and is often quoted in these sorts of guides and is a wrapper for buildkit. That said, I haven't seen traction with it compared to the other options mentioned. The project was quite active until late 2018 and has only received a few patches since. img claims to be daemonless, but it uses buildkit so is probably doing some trickery there. I hear that
img
gives a better UX than buildkit's own CLIbuildctr
, but it should also be noted that img is only released forx86_64
and there are no binaries for armhf / arm64.
An alternative to
img
would be k3c
which also includes a runtime component and plans to support ARM architectures.- k3c - Rancher's latest experiment which uses containerd and buildkit to re-create the original, classic, vanilla, lite experience of the original Docker version.
Out of all the options, I think that I like k3c the most, but it is very nascient and bundles everything into one binary which is likely to conflict with other software, at present it runs its own embedded containerd and buildkit binaries.
Note: If you're a RedHat customer and paying for support, then you really should use their entire toolchain to get the best value for your money. I checked out some of the examples and saw one that used my 'classic' blog post on multi-stage builds. See for yourself which style you prefer the buildah example vs. Dockerfile example.
So since we are focusing on the 'build' piece here and want to look at relativelt stable options, I'm going to look at:
- buildkit in Docker,
- buildkit stand-alone
- and kaniko.
All of the above and more are now possible since the OpenFaaS CLI can output a standard 'build context' that any builder can work with.
Build a test app
Let's start with a Golang HTTP middleware, this is a cross between a function and a microservice and shows off how versatile OpenFaaS can be.
--lang
specifies the build templatebuild-test
is the name of the function--prefix
is the Docker Hub username to use for pushing up our OCI image
We'll get the following created:
The handler looks like this, and is easy to modify. Additional dependencies can be added through vendoring or Go modules.
Build the normal way
The normal way to build this app would be:
A local cache of the template and Dockerfile is also available at
./template/golang-middleware/Dockerfile
There are three images that are pulled in for this template:
With the traditional builder, each of the images will be pulled in sequentially.
The wait a few moments and you're done, we now have that image in our local library.
We can also push it up to a registry with
faas-cli push -f build-test.yml
.Build with Buildkit and Docker
This is the easiest change of all to make, and gives a fast build too.
We'll see that with this approach, the Docker daemon automatically switches out its builder for buildkit. https://tiodicpeidep.tistory.com/15.
Buildkit offers a number of advantages:
- More sophisticated caching
- Running later instructions first, when possible - i.e. downloading the 'runtime' image, before the build in the 'sdk' layer is even completed
- Super fast when building a second time
With buildkit, all of the base images can be pulled in to our local library at once, since the FROM (download) commands are not executed sequentially.
This option works even on a Mac, since buildkit is proxied via the Docker daemon running in the VM.
Build with Buildkit standalone
To build with Buildkit in a stand-alone setup we need to run buildkit separately on a Linux host, so we can't use a Mac.
faas-cli build
would normally execute or fork docker
, because the command is just a wrapper. So to bypass this behaviour we should write out a build context, that's possible via the following command:Our context is now available in the
./build/build-test/
folder with our function code and the template with its entrypoint and Dockerfile.Now we need to run buildkit, we can build from source, or grab upstream binaries.
If you checkout the releases page, you'll also find buildkit available for armhf and arm64, which is great for multi-arch.
Run the buildkit daemon in a new window:
Now let's start a build, passing in the shrink-wrapped location as the build-context. The command we want is
buildctl
Novastar lct mars download mac. Download idm for mac full crack. , buildctl is a client for the daemon and will configure how to build the image and what to do when it's done, such as exporting a tar, ignoring the build or pushing it to a registry.Here's what I ran to get the equivalent of the Docker command with the
DOCKER_BUILDKIT
override:Before running this command, you'll need to run
docker login
, or to create $HOME/.docker/config.json` with a valid set of unencrypted credentials.You'll see a nice ASCII animation for this build.
Build with img
and buildkit
Itunes 10.7 download for windows 10. Since I've never used
img
and haven't really heard of it being used a lot with teams vs the more common options I thought I'd give it a shot.First impressions are that multi-arch is not a priority and given the age of the project, may be unlikely to land. There is no binary for armhf or ARM64.
For
x86_64
the latest version is v0.5.7
from 7 May 2019, built with Go 1.11, with Go 1.13 being the current release:The build options look like a subset of
buildctl
:Here's what we need to do a build:
Now for one reason or another,
img
actually failed to do a successful build. It may be due to some of the optimizations to attempt to run as non-root.There seemed to be three similar issues open.
Build with Kaniko
Kaniko is Google's container builder which aims to sandbox container builds. You can use it as a one-shot container, or as a stand-alone binary.
I took a look at the build in this blog post
- The flag
-d
specifies where the image should be pushed after a successful build. - The
-v
flag is bind-mounting the current directory into the Kaniko container, it also adds yourconfig.json
file for pushing to a remote registry.
There is some support for caching in Kaniko, but it needs manual management and preservation since Kaniko runs in a one-shot mode, rather than daemonized like Buildkit.
Summing up the options
- Docker - traditional builderInstalling Docker can be heavy-weight and add more than expected to your system. The builder is the oldest and slowest, but gets the job done. Watch out for the networking bridge installed by Docker, it can conflict with other private networks using the same private IP range.
- Docker - with buildkitOpencl 1.1 download mac. This is the fastest option with the least amount of churn or change. It's simply enabled by prefixing the command
DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1
- Stand-alone buildkitThis option is great for in-cluster builds, or a system that doesn't need Docker such as a CI box or runner. Mac os x lion vmware files exe download. It does need a Linux host and there's no good experience for using it on MacOS, perhaps by running an additional VM or host and accessing over TCP?
I also wanted to include a presentation by [Akihiro Suda](https://twitter.com/@AkihiroSuda /), a buildkit maintainer from NTT, Japan. This information is around 2 years old but provides another high-level overview from the landscape in 2018 Comparing Next-Generation
Container Image Building Tools
Container Image Building Tools
This is the best option for faasd users, where users rely only on containerd and CNI, rather than Docker or Kubernetes.
- KanikoThe way we used Kaniko still required Docker to be installed, but provided another option.
Wrapping up
You can either use your normal container builder with OpenFaaS, or
faas-cli build --shrinkwrap
and pass the build-context along to your preferred tooling.Here's examples for the following tools for building OpenFaaS containers:
- Jenkins and
- GitLab CI.
In OpenFaaS Cloud. we provide a complete hands-off CI/CD experience using the shrinkwrap approach outlined in this post and the buildkit daemon. For all other users I would recommend using Docker, or Docker with buildkit. For faasd, use buildkit daemonized.
We did miss out one of the important parts of the workflow in this post, the deployment. Any OCI container can be deployed to the OpenFaaS control-plane on top of Kubernetes as long as its conforms to the serverless workload definition. If you'd like to see the full experience of build, push and deploy, check out the OpenFaaS workshop.
Wrapping up
Enjoyed the tutorial? ??
Let me know what you think to the post and what tooling you are most excited about for 2020 on Twitter @alexellisuk.
Hire me for Cloud Native / Docker / Go / CI & CD or Kubernetes
Could you use some help with a difficult problem, an external view on a new idea or project? Perhaps you would like to build a technology proof of concept before investing more? Get in touch via [email protected] or book a session with me on calendly.com/alexellis.
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